“This research highlights reports of unfair trading practices encountered by manufacturers during Covid-19,” the report found.

Such practices resulted in lower wages for the factories’ workers, job losses and high staff turnover, it said.

One in five factories revealed they had struggled to pay the Bangladeshi legal minimum wage as a result.

The report also uncovered incidents where some companies demanded reductions for clothing ordered before the pandemic erupted in March 2020.

And some fashion firms refused to budge on price, despite soaring costs and rampant inflation.

The study called for the creating of a fashion industry regulator in importing nations to improve purchasing practices.

Respondents told researchers that the “highest proportion” of unfair business practices included major brands such as H&MNextPrimarkZaraInditex

The responses of some companies to the claims were included in the report. 

Inditex said it has “guaranteed payment for all orders already placed and in process of production and worked with financial institutions to facilitate the provision of loans to suppliers on favourable terms”. 

German supermarket chain Lidl said it took the “accusations very seriously”.

It added that it “takes its responsibility towards workers in Bangladesh and other countries where our suppliers produce very seriously and is committed to ensuring that core social standards are complied with throughout the supply chain”.

Primark said that owing to the pandemic, it had taken “the incredibly difficult decision in March 2020 to cancel all orders which had not yet been handed over”.

Companies named in the report did not immediately return AFP requests for comment.